From 1da079b43097fffcb922ad48740d0b409a7333f1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Chen Yang <yc4646@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 29 Jun 2025 09:07:10 +0800
Subject: [PATCH] Remove italic from abstract.

---
 index.html | 64 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------
 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)

diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index d382840..9ff83a6 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@
             Working Paper. <span class="links">[<a class="paperlink" href="" onclick="toggleAbstract('abs_arbDEX');return false">Abstract</a>]</span><br>
             <div class="fade-in" style="display:none" id="abs_arbDEX">
                 <hr>
-                <i>Decentralized exchanges (DEXs) are alternative venues to centralized exchanges to trade
+                Decentralized exchanges (DEXs) are alternative venues to centralized exchanges to trade
                     cryptocurrencies (CEXs) and have become increasingly popular. An arbitrage opportunity arises when
                     the exchange rate of two cryptocurrencies in a DEX differs from that in a CEX. Arbitrageurs can then
                     trade on the DEX and CEX to make a profit. Trading on the DEX incurs a gas fee, which determines the
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@
                     opportunity is small; (ii) the probability of the arbitrageurs choosing a higher gas fee is lower;
                     (iii) the arbitrageurs pay a higher gas fee and trade more when the arbitrage opportunity becomes
                     larger and when liquidity becomes higher. The above findings are consistent with our empirical
-                    study. </i>
+                    study. 
             </div>
         </li><br>
 
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@
             Working Paper. <span class="links">[<a class="paperlink" href="" onclick="toggleAbstract('abs_TaxTimeVarying');return false">Abstract</a>]</span><br>
             <div class="fade-in" style="display:none" id="abs_TaxTimeVarying">
                 <hr>
-                <i>The capital gains tax rate has fluctuated significantly over time, leading to substantial changes in
+                The capital gains tax rate has fluctuated significantly over time, leading to substantial changes in
                     investors' optimal strategies, as documented by the empirical studies. This paper proposes a novel
                     continuous-time portfolio selection framework with a time-varying capital gains tax rate. Featuring
                     differential tax rate announcement time and implementation time, our framework is able to capture
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@
                     The strength of the transitory effect depends on the size of the tax rate change, and the tax rate
                     uncertainty mostly affects the transitory effect and has a negligible impact on the permanent
                     effect. Moreover, the permanent effect vanishes under a zero interest rate while the transitory
-                    effect persists. </i>
+                    effect persists. 
             </div>
         </li><br>
 
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@
                 href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5305617" target="_blank">SSRN</a>]</span><br>
             <div class="fade-in" style="display:none" id="abs_periodicEvaluation">
                 <hr>
-                <i>A fund manager's performance is often evaluated annually and compared with a benchmark, such as a
+                A fund manager's performance is often evaluated annually and compared with a benchmark, such as a
                     market index. In addition, the manager may be subject to trading constraints, such as limited use of
                     leverage, no short-selling, and a forced liquidation clause. We formulate this as a periodic
                     evaluation problem with a non-concave utility, a stochastic reference point, and trading
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@
                     this local concavity/convexity weakens and shifts inward from the liquidation boundary to the
                     interior region as the evaluation horizon increases. As a result, the joint effect of periodic
                     evaluation and forced liquidation can generate highly nonlinear investment strategies, which is
-                    helpful in understanding the complexity of trading strategies in the loss region.</i>
+                    helpful in understanding the complexity of trading strategies in the loss region.
             </div>
         </li><br>
 
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@
                 href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.16106" target="_blank">arXiv</a>]</span><br>
             <div class="fade-in" style="display:none" id="abs_dataAsset">
                 <hr>
-                <i>Data assets are data commodities that have been processed, produced, priced, and traded based on
+                Data assets are data commodities that have been processed, produced, priced, and traded based on
                     actual demand. Reasonable pricing mechanism for data assets is essential for developing the data
                     market and realizing their value. Most existing literature approaches data asset pricing from the
                     seller's perspective, focusing on data properties and collection costs, however, research from the
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@
                     existing research results, we simplify the value function, using mathematical analysis and
                     differential equation theory, we derive general expressions for data assets price and explore their
                     properties under various conditions. Furthermore, we derive the explicit pricing formulas for
-                    specific scenarios and provide numerical illustration to describe how to use our pricing model.</i>
+                    specific scenarios and provide numerical illustration to describe how to use our pricing model.
             </div>
         </li><br>
 
@@ -241,14 +241,14 @@
                 href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5262988" target="_blank">SSRN</a>]</span><br>
             <div class="fade-in" style="display:none" id="abs_arbPerp">
                 <hr>
-                <i>Perpetual contracts, designed to track the underlying price through a funding swap mechanism, have
+                Perpetual contracts, designed to track the underlying price through a funding swap mechanism, have
                     gained significant popularity in cryptocurrency markets. However, observed price discrepancies
                     between perpetual contracts and the underlying asset cannot be explained solely by transaction fees.
                     By examining the impact of the clamping function inherent in the funding swap mechanism -- an
                     overlooked aspect in existing literature -- we derive model-free no-arbitrage bounds for perpetual
                     contracts. Our findings reveal that these bounds persist as intervals even without transaction fees,
                     due to the clamping function. Empirical analysis using two years of Binance data supports the
-                    validity of our proposed bounds. </i>
+                    validity of our proposed bounds. 
             </div>
         </li><br>
 
@@ -259,14 +259,14 @@
                 href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4952040" target="_blank">SSRN</a>]</span><br>
             <div class="fade-in" style="display:none" id="abs_TaxTC">
                 <hr>
-                <i>We develop a dynamic portfolio model incorporating capital gains tax (CGT), transaction costs, and
+                We develop a dynamic portfolio model incorporating capital gains tax (CGT), transaction costs, and
                     year-end taxation. We find that even tiny transaction costs can lead to significant deferral of
                     large losses and transaction costs affect loss deferrals much more than gain deferrals. Our model
                     can thus help explain the puzzle that even when investors face equal long-term/short-term CGT rates,
                     they may still defer realizing large capital losses for an extended period of time, displaying the
                     disposition effect. In addition, we find misestimating transaction costs is costly. We also provide
                     several unique, empirically testable predictions and shed light on recently proposed tax policy
-                    changes.</i>
+                    changes.
             </div>
         </li><br>
 
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@
                 href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.13291" target="_blank">arXiv</a>]</span><br>
             <div class="fade-in" style="display:none" id="abs_AMM">
                 <hr>
-                <i>Automated market makers are a popular mechanism used on decentralized exchange, through which users
+                Automated market makers are a popular mechanism used on decentralized exchange, through which users
                     trade assets with each other directly and automatically through a liquidity pool and a fixed pricing
                     function. The liquidity provider contributes to the liquidity pool by supplying assets to the pool,
                     and in return, they earn trading fees from investors who trade in the pool. We propose a model of
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@
                     strategy and the optimal design of the automated market maker that maximizes the liquidity
                     provider's utility. We find that the optimal unit trading fee increases in the volatility of the
                     fundamental exchange rate of the two assets. We also find that the optimal pricing function is
-                    chosen to make the asset allocation in the liquidity pool efficient for the liquidity provider.</i>
+                    chosen to make the asset allocation in the liquidity pool efficient for the liquidity provider.
             </div>
         </li><br>
 
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@
                 href=" https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4801520" target="_blank">SSRN</a>]</span><br>
             <div class="fade-in" style="display:none" id="abs_LocalVol">
                 <hr>
-                <i>We study non-parametric calibration of local volatility models, which is formulated as an inverse
+                We study non-parametric calibration of local volatility models, which is formulated as an inverse
                     problem of partial differential equations with Tikhonov regularization. In contrast to the existing
                     literature minimizing the distance between theoretical and market prices of options as a calibration
                     criterion, we instead minimize the distance between theoretical and market implied volatilities,
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@
                     well-posedness of the calibration problem. In particular, comparing to Jiang and Tao (2001), we
                     obtain a global uniqueness result, where no additional weight functions are required. Numerical
                     results reveal that our method achieves a better trade-off between minimizing calibration errors and
-                    reducing overfitting.</i>
+                    reducing overfitting.
             </div>
         </li><br>
 
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@
                 href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4671774" target="_blank">SSRN</a>]</span><br>
             <div class="fade-in" style="display:none" id="abs_LOB">
                 <hr>
-                <i>This paper investigates an optimal investment problem in an illiquid market, modeling explicitly the
+                This paper investigates an optimal investment problem in an illiquid market, modeling explicitly the
                     effects of three key features of market microstructure --- market tightness, market depth, and
                     finite market resilience --- on the investor's decision. By employing a Bachelier process to model
                     the dynamic of the fundamental value of the asset and assuming CARA-type utility for the investor,
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@
                     activities to align with the aim portfolio in the presence of market resilience. To quantify this
                     timing decision, we introduce a patience index that enables investors to strike a balance among
                     various competing goals, including achieving currently optimal risk exposure, incorporating signals
-                    about future predictions, and minimizing trading costs, by leveraging market resilience.</i>
+                    about future predictions, and minimizing trading costs, by leveraging market resilience.
             </div>
         </li><br>
 
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@
                 href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.02178" target="_blank">arXiv</a>]</span><br>
             <div class="fade-in" style="display:none" id="abs_NonconcaveTC">
                 <hr>
-                <i>This paper studies a finite-horizon portfolio selection problem with non-concave terminal utility and
+                This paper studies a finite-horizon portfolio selection problem with non-concave terminal utility and
                     proportional transaction costs. The commonly used concavification principle for terminal value is no
                     longer valid here, and we establish a proper theoretical characterization of this problem. We first
                     give the asymptotic terminal behavior of the value function, which implies any transaction close to
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@
                     asymptotic terminal condition. Via numerical analyses, we find that the introduction of transaction
                     costs into non-concave utility maximization problems can prevent the portfolio from unbounded
                     leverage and make a large short position in stock optimal despite a positive risk premium and
-                    symmetric transaction costs.</i>
+                    symmetric transaction costs.
             </div>
         </li><br>
 
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@
                 href="https://doi.org/10.1111/mafi.12445" target="_blank">Article</a>]</span><br>
             <div class="fade-in" style="display:none" id="abs_StableCoin">
                 <hr>
-                <i>Stable coins, which are cryptocurrencies pegged to other stable financial assets such as U.S. dollar,
+                Stable coins, which are cryptocurrencies pegged to other stable financial assets such as U.S. dollar,
                     are desirable for payments within blockchain networks, whereby being often called the “Holy Grail of
                     cryptocurrency.” However, existing cryptocurrencies are too volatile for these purposes. By using
                     the option pricing theory, we design several dual-class structures that offer a fixed income crypto
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@
                     understand the impact of the proposed coins on the speculative and non-speculative demands of
                     cryptocurrencies, we study equilibrium with and without the stable coins. Our investigation of the
                     values of stable coins in presence of jump risk and black-swan type events shows the robustness of
-                    the design.</i>
+                    the design.
             </div>
         </li><br>
 
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@
                 href="https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/moor.2022.1307" target="_blank">Article</a>]</span><br>
             <div class="fade-in" style="display:none" id="abs_LiqPre">
                 <hr>
-                <i>We study a risk-sharing economy where an arbitrary number of heterogenous agents trades an arbitrary
+                We study a risk-sharing economy where an arbitrary number of heterogenous agents trades an arbitrary
                     number of risky assets subject to quadratic transaction costs. For linear state dynamics, the
                     forward-backward stochastic differential equations characterizing equilibrium asset prices and
                     trading strategies in this context reduce to a system of matrix-valued Riccati equations. We prove
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@
                     to approximate the corresponding equilibrium for small transaction costs. These tractable
                     approximation formulas make it feasible to calibrate the model to time series of prices and trading
                     volume, and to study the cross-section of liquidity premia earned by assets with higher and lower
-                    trading costs. This is illustrated by an empirical case study.</i>
+                    trading costs. This is illustrated by an empirical case study.
             </div>
         </li><br>
 
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@
                 href="https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4407" target="_blank">Article</a>]</span><br>
             <div class="fade-in" style="display:none" id="abs_LETF">
                 <hr>
-                <i>Although leveraged ETFs are popular products for retail investors, how to hedge them poses a great
+                Although leveraged ETFs are popular products for retail investors, how to hedge them poses a great
                     challenge to financial institutions. We develop an optimal rebalancing (hedging) model for leveraged
                     ETFs in a comprehensive setting, including overnight market closure and market frictions. The model
                     allows for an analytical optimal rebalancing strategy.
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@
                         and Pedersen (2013)</a> from a constant weight between current and future positions to a
                     time-varying weight, because the rebalancing performance is monitored only at discrete time points
                     but the rebalancing takes place continuously. Empirical findings and implications for the weekend
-                    effect and the intraday trading volume are also presented.</i>
+                    effect and the intraday trading volume are also presented.
             </div>
         </li><br>
 
@@ -431,12 +431,12 @@
                 href="https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/moor.2020.1061" target="_blank">Article</a>]</span><br>
             <div class="fade-in" style="display:none" id="abs_FK">
                 <hr>
-                <i>We establish a stochastic representation for a class of nonlocal parabolic terminal-boundary value
+                We establish a stochastic representation for a class of nonlocal parabolic terminal-boundary value
                     problems, whose terminal and boundary conditions depend on the solution in the interior domain; in
                     particular, the solution is represented as the expectation of functionals of a diffusion process
                     with random jumps from boundaries. We discuss three applications of the representation, the first
                     one on the pricing of dual-purpose funds, the second one on the connection to regenerative
-                    processes, and the third one on modeling the entropy on a one-dimensional non-rigid body.</i>
+                    processes, and the third one on modeling the entropy on a one-dimensional non-rigid body.
             </div>
         </li><br>
 
@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@
                 href="https://epubs.siam.org/doi/abs/10.1137/18M1207776" target="_blank">Article</a>]</span><br>
             <div class="fade-in" style="display:none" id="abs_HFT">
                 <hr>
-                <i>We study Nash equilibria for inventory-averse high-frequency traders (HFTs), who trade to exploit
+                We study Nash equilibria for inventory-averse high-frequency traders (HFTs), who trade to exploit
                     information about future price changes. For discrete trading rounds, the HFTs' optimal trading
                     strategies and their equilibrium price impact are described by a system of nonlinear equations;
                     explicit solutions obtain around the continuous-time limit. Unlike in the risk-neutral case, the
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@
                     In contrast, the HFTs' risk-adjusted profits and the equilibrium price impact converge to their
                     risk-neutral counterparts. Compared to a social-planner solution for cooperative HFTs, Nash
                     competition leads to excess trading, so that marginal transaction taxes in fact decrease market
-                    liquidity.</i>
+                    liquidity.
             </div>
         </li><br>
 
@@ -473,12 +473,12 @@
                 href=https://academic.oup.com/rfs/article/28/9/2687/1581078, target="_blank">Article</a>]</span><br>
             <div class="fade-in" style="display:none" id="abs_taxTiming">
                 <hr>
-                <i>We develop an optimal tax-timing model that takes into account asymmetric long-term and short-term
+                We develop an optimal tax-timing model that takes into account asymmetric long-term and short-term
                     tax rates for positive capital gains and limited tax deductibility of capital losses. In contrast to
                     the existing literature, this model can help explain why many investors not only defer short-term
                     capital losses to long term but also defer large long-term capital gains and losses. Because the
                     benefit of tax deductibility of capital losses increases with the short-term tax rates, effective
-                    tax rates can decrease as short-term capital gains tax rates increase.</i>
+                    tax rates can decrease as short-term capital gains tax rates increase.
             </div>
         </li>
     </ol>